Characterization methods

Various solid-state characterization methods.

• Diffraction techniques and related theory
  • Miller indices
  • Single crystal X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
    • Single crystal X-Ray Diffraction (2023)
  • Powder XRD
    • Powder X-Ray Diffraction (2023)
  • Phase idenfication with powder XRD and powder pattern databases
  • Grazing incidence XRD (GIXRD)
  • Neutron diffraction
  • Electron diffraction
  • Gamma-ray diffraction
• X-ray scattering techniques
  • X-Ray Reflection (XRR)
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
• Microscopies
  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
  • Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
• Spectroscopic methods
  • X-Ray spectroscopies
    • X-ray emission spectroscopies
      • X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
      • Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
    • X-ray absorption spectroscopies
      • X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)
      • Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
  • Electron spectroscopies
    • X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
    • Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)
    • Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
    • Auger electron spectroscopy
  • Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
  • Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR/EPR)
  • Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
  • Vibrational spectroscopies
    • Infrared spectroscopy 
    • Raman Spectroscopy
    • Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD)
    • Interpretation of vibrational spectra with the help of quantum chemical methods 
    • Terahertz spectroscopy
    • Inelastic Neutron Scattering
• Thermal analysis
  • Thermogravimetry (TG)
  • Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
• Thermal conductivity
  • Time-domain thermoreflectance
  • Laser flash analysis
  • 3ω-method
• Dielectric properties
  • Measurement of piezoelectric properties
  • Measurement of pyroelectric properties
  • Piezoresponse Force Microscopy for Ferroelectric Domains
  • Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)
• Other techniques
  • Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
  • Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
  • Muon spin spectroscopy (µSR)
  • Mössbauer spectroscopy
  • Gas pycnometry
  • BET surface area analysis
  • Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
  • Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
  • Nanoindentation
  • Electron cyclotron resonance
  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
  • Electroanalytical methods
    
    • Coulometry
    • Cyclic voltammetry
    • Polarography